List of expeditions / BATTLES of Muhammad

Date: 05/12/2015

List of expeditions of Muhammad
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (April 2015)
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2015)
Some or all of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (April 2015)
This list of battles by Muhammad, also includes a list of battles by Muhammad's order and comprises information about casualties, objectives, and nature of the military expeditions ordered by Muhammad, as well as the primary sources which mention the Battles.

Contents [hide]
1 List of Battles
2 Notes
3 See also
4 References
5 Main sources
List of Battles[edit]
Key/Legend
Sariyyah (expeditions which he ordered but did not take part (73)) Ghazwah (expeditions which he ordered and took part (27))

No. Name Date Muhammad's order and reason for expedition Casualties description Notable primary sources
1 Al Is Caravan Raid 623 [1][2][3][4] Raid Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty[5]
None [2]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [4]
2 Batn Rabigh Caravan Raid 623 [1][2][3][6] Raid Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty[4][5]
None, caravan left [2]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:57:74
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[7]
3 Kharar Caravan Raid May & June 623 [1][2][3][4][8] Attack a Quraysh caravan[4]
None, caravan left[2]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[7]
4 Invasion of Waddan August 623 [8][9] Attack a Quraysh caravan which included camels[4][8]
Unknown
Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:256
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [10]
5 Invasion of Buwat October 623 [11][12] Raid a Quraysh caravan which included 200 camels[13][14]
None, caravan left [2]
Sahih Muslim, 42:7149
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [14]
6 Invasion of Dul Ashir December 623 [15] Attack a Quraysh caravan[6]
None, caravan left [13][16]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [16]
7 Invasion of Safwan 623 [15] To pursue Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri who led a small group that looted Muhammad's animals[13]
None, enemy escaped [13]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [17]
8 Nakhla Raid January 624[15] Attack a Quraysh caravan and gather information[6][18]
Muslims: 0 Casualties
Non-Muslims: 1 killed, 2 captured [18]
[Quran 2:217] [19][20]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq[21]
9 Battle of Badr March 624 [22] According to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri the purpose was to raid a Quraysh caravan carrying 50,000 gold Dinars guarded by 40 men, and to further the Muslim political, economic and military position.[23] The Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir also said the purpose of this battle was to capture Quraysh war booty/spoils and make Islam dominant by raiding the Quraysh Caravan, he claimed Muhammad encouraged the Muslims by saying: "This is the caravan of Quraysh carrying their property, so march forth to intercept it, Allah might make it as war spoils for you".[24]
Muslims: 14 killed
Non-Muslims: 70 killed, 30-47 captured[25]
[Quran 8:47], [Quran 68:25], [Quran 8:5], [Quran 8:6] and more[26]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:369, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:357, Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2716, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:293 [27]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [28]
10 Assassination of Asma bint Marwan January 624 [29] Kill 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him[30]
Asma' bint Marwan assassinated[28]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [31]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [30]
11 Assassination of Abu Afak February 624 [32] Kill Abu Afak for opposing Muhammad through poetry[31]
Abu Afak assassinated[31]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [33]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [34]
12 Invasion of Sawiq 624 [35] Pursue Abu Sufyan for killing 2 Muslims and burning of palm trees[36]
2 Muslims killed[36]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [37]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [38]
13 Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa February 624 [39] Attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina[40] by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which lead to her being stripped naked[41]
Unknown, some revenge killings[41]
[Quran 8:58],[42] [Quran 3:118],[43][44] [Quran 3:12], [Quran 3:13][45]
Sahih Muslim, 19:4364
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [46]
Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community [47]
14 Al Kudr Invasion May 624 [48] Surprise attack on the Banu Salim tribe for allegedly plotting to attack Medina[49]
Unknown
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [50]
15 Invasion of Thi Amr September 624 [51][52] Raid the Banu Muharib and Banu Talabah tribes after he received intelligence that they were allegedly going to raid the outskirts of Medina[53]
1 captured by Muslims[53]
[Quran 5:11][53]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:458
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [54]
16 Assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf 3 September 624 [55] According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and inveighed against Muhammad. He also composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".[56][57]
Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf assassinated[57]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:369, Sahih Muslim, 19:4436
17 Invasion of Bahran 624 [58] Raid the Banu Sulaym tribe,[59] no reason given in primary sources ( Possibly a continuation of the previous war)
None [58]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [60]
18 Nejd Caravan Raid 624 [58] Intercept and capture Quraysh caravan and its goods[58]
3 captured by Muslims(including guide) [58]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:627, Sahih Muslim, 19:4330, Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2672
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [61]
Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community [62]
19 Expedition of 'Abdullah ibn 'Atik December 624 [63] Kill Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq for mocking Muhammad with his poetry and for helping the troops of the Confederates by providing them with money and supplies[64]
Abu Rafi assassinated[64]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:264, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:370, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:371, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:372 and more [65]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [66]
Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community [51]
20 Battle of Uhud March 23 625 [67][68] Defend against Quraysh attack[69]
Muslims: 70 killed
Non-Muslims: 22 or 37 Killed[69]
[Quran 8:36],[70] [Quran 3:122], [Quran 3:167] [71]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:276, Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:30:108 [72]
21 Invasion of Hamra al-Asad March 625[73] Prevent Quraysh attack on weakened Muslim army[74]
Muslims: 2 spies killed
Non-Muslims: 3 beheaded, 3 captured[74]
[Quran 3:172],[75][76][77][78] [Quran 3:173], [Quran 3:174][74]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:404 [79]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [80]
22 Expedition of Qatan June 625 [73] Attack Banu Asad bin Khuzaymah tribe after receiving intelligence that they were allegedly plotting to attack Medina[81]
3 captured by Muslims[82]
Sahih Muslim, 19:4330, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:627 and more
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [82]
23 Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais 625 [83] Kill Khalid bin Sufyan, because there were reports he considered an attack on Madinah and that he was inciting the people on Nakhla or Uranah to fight Muslims[83]
Khalid ibn Sufyan assassinated[83]
Musnad Ahmad 3:496[84]
Abu Dawud, book 2 no.1244[85]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq[83]
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[86][87]
24 Expedition of Al Raji 625 [88] Some men requested that Muhammad send instructors to teach them Islam,[88] but the men were bribed by the two tribes of Khuzaymah who wanted revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan by Muhammad's followers.[89] According to William Montgomery Watt, the seven men Muhammad sent may have been spies for Muhammad and instructors for Arab tribes.[90] Watt's claim that they were spies and not missionaries is mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari [91]
8[88] or 10 Muslims killed[3]
Sahih Muslim, 4:1442, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:412 [92]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq[92]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2 [93]
25 The Mission of Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri 627 [94] Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri sent to assassinate Abu Sufyan[95] to avenge Khubyab bin Adi.[96] According to the Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, the Quraysh ordered Khubyab bin Adi to be crucified by Uqba bin al-Harith during the Expedition of Al Raji because he had killed Uqba bin al-Harith's father.[97]
3 polytheists killed by Muslims[95]
1 captured[98]
Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[99]
26 Expedition of Bir Maona July 625 [100] Muhammad sends Missionaries at request of some men from the Banu Amir tribe,[101] but the Muslims are killed as revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan by Muhammad's followers[89]
Muslims: 70 killed[101]
Non-Muslims: 2 killed[101]
Quran 3:169-173[102]
Ibn Hisham[103]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:405, Sahih Muslim, 4:1433
27 Invasion of Banu Nadir August 625 [104] Muslim scholars (like Mubarakpuri) claim, the Banu Nadir were attacked because the Angel Gabriel told Muhammad that some of the Banu Nadir wanted to assassinate him.[105] Watt contends it was in response to the tribe’s criticism of Muhammad and doubts they wanted to assassinate Muhammad. He says "it is possible that the allegation was no more than an excuse to justify the attack".[106]
Unknown
Quran chapter 59, and [Quran 2:256][105]
Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2676[107]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:39:519
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq[108]
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[109]
28 Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa October 625[110] or 627[108] Attack the Banu Ghatafan tribe, because he received news that they were assembling at Dhat al-Riqa with a suspicious purpose[108]
Many women captured by Muslims[111]
Quran 4:101 and 5:11[112]
Sahih Muslim, 4:1830
Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community[110]
29 Invasion of Badr January 626[3] or March 625[94][113] Attack the Quraysh led by Abu Sufyan, both sides were preparing to fight each other again at Badr[114]
None, enemy flees[114]
Quran 3:173-176[115]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:627
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq[114]
30 Invasion of Dumatul Jandal July 626 [116] Invade Duma, because Muhammad received intelligence that some tribes there were involved in highway robbery and preparing to attack Medina itself[117]
None, Ghatafan tribe flees[117]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [118]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[119]
31 Battle of the Trench February 627 [120] Muhammad orders Muslims to defend Medina from attack, after Banu Nadir and Banu Qaynuqa tribes form an alliance with the Quraysh to attack him as revenge for expelling them from Medina.[121][122] The Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir states: "The reason why the Confederates came was that a group of the leaders of the Jews of Banu Nadir, whom the Messenger of Allah had expelled from Al-Madinah to Khaybar, including Sallam bin Abu Al-Huqayq, Sallam bin Mishkam and Kinanah bin Ar-Rabi`, went to Makkah where they met with the leaders of Quraysh and incited them to make war against the Prophet" [123]
Muslims: light casualties
Non-Muslims: extremely heavy casualties[124]
Quran 33:10-13, [Quran 3:22][125]
Sahih Bukhari 5:59:435, Sahih Muslim, 31:4940 and more
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq[125]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[121]
32 Invasion of Banu Qurayza February–March 627 [126]
Attack Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel.[76][77][78][127][128][129] Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi.[130] Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable.[131][132]

Muslims: 2 killed[127]
Non-Muslims:
600-900 beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham)[127][128][133]
All Males and 1 woman beheaded (Sunni Hadith)[134][135]
[Quran 33:26],[128] Quran 33:09 & 33:10[136][137]
Sunan Abu Dawood, 38:4390
Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:68, Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:57:66 and more
Tabari, Volume 8, Victory of Islam[138]
33 Expedition of Muhammad ibn Maslamah June 627 [139] Attack Bani Bakr sept for booty/spoils[140][141][142]
10 killed, 1 captured by Muslims[141][142]
Sahih Muslim, 19:4361, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:658
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[143]
34 Expedition of Ukasha bin Al-Mihsan 627 [144] Attack Banu Assad bin Qhuzayma tribe to capture booty/spoils[144][145]
None, Banu Asad tribe flees[146]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[145]
35 First Raid on Banu Thalabah August 627 [3][94][147] Attack the Banu Thalabah tribe, because he suspected they would be tempted to steal his camels[146]
9 Muslims killed[146]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[148]
36 Second Raid on Banu Thalabah August 627 [3][94][147] Attack the Banu Thalabah tribe, as revenge for the 1st failed raid on them in which 9 Muslims died[146]
1 injured man captured by Muslims[146]
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[149]
37 Invasion of Banu Lahyan September 627 [3][94] Attack the Banu Lahyan tribe to get revenge for the killing of 10 Muslims in the Expedition of Al Raji[146]
None, Banu Lahyan tribe flees[146]
Sahih Muslim, 20:4672[150]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[151]
38 Raid on al-Ghabah
627[152]

Initially no orders given by Muhammad, Amr ibn al-Akwa pursues Uyanah bin Hisn Al-Fazari after seeing him seize 20 of Muhammad's camels while calling for help.[152] Muhammad then heard the calls and sent reinforcements.[153]
1 Muslim shepherd killed, and his wife captured[152]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[152]
Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam [154]
39 Expedition of Dhu Qarad September 627 [3][94] To attack a group of men led by Uyanah bin Hisn Al-Fazari, who raided the outskirts of the Medina; and seized 20 of Muhammad's milch camels[155]
Muslims: 4 killed
Non-Muslims: 4 Killed [156]
Sahih Muslim, 19:4450
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[157]
40 Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Al-Jumum) 627 [146] To raid al-Jumum and capture booty/spoils[158]
Some captured by Muslims[146]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[159]
41 Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Al-Is) September 627 [160] Attack Quraysh caravan and loot their camels[146][161]
Many captured by Muslims[146][161]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[161]
42 Third Raid on Banu Thalabah 627 [94] To raid Banu Thalabah and capture their camels as booty[162]
None, Banu Thalabah tribe flees[162]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[163]
43 Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma) October 627 [94] Attack robbers who attacked Muhammad's envoy, Dhiyah bin Khalifah al-Kalbi[164]
Heavy casualties inflicted, 100 women and boys captured by Muslims[164]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:52:191
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[165]
44 Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Wadi al-Qura) December 627 [166] Survey the area and to monitor the movements of the enemies of Muhammad[162]
9 Muslims killed[162][167]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[167]
45 Invasion of Banu Mustaliq December 627 [94] Attack Banu Mustaliq because Muhammad received some rumours that the Banu Mustaliq were preparing to attack him.[168] The Banu Mustaliq also believed that Muhammad was preparing to attack them, both sides sent spies to confirm the reports, but the Banu Mustaliq spy was killed by Muslims, and then Muhammad told his followers to prepare for war[169]
Muslims: 1 killed
(friendly fire)
Non-Muslims: 10 killed, 200 families taken captive[169][170]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 76:1:422
Sahih Muslim, 19:4292
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [171]
46 Expedition of Abdur Rahman bin Auf December 627 [94] 700 men sent to get the Christian king Al-Asbagh and his people to convert to Islam within 3 days or pay Jizyah[172][173]
None[174]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [175]
47 Expedition of Fidak 627 [94] Attack the Bani Sa‘d bin Bakr tribe, because Muhammad received intelligence they were planning to help the Jews of Khaybar[176]
1 captured by Muslims, rest of tribe flees[177]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[177]
48 Second Expedition of Wadi al-Qura January 628 [94] Raid the inhabitants of Wadi al-Qura for revenge, because a number of Muslims were killed when they tried to raid the inhabitants previously, but failed[178]
30 horsemen,[179] and 1 women killed by Muslims[180]
Many captured by Muslims[180]
Sahih Muslim, 19:4345
Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[180]
49 Expedition of Kurz bin Jabir Al-Fihri February 628 [94] Capture 8 men who came to him to convert to Islam, but then killed one Muslim and drove off with Muhammad's camels[181]
Muslims: 1 killed
Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to death[181][182]
Quran 5:33-39[181][183]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:234, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:505, Sahih al-Bukhari, 7:71:623 and more
50 Expedition of Abdullah ibn Rawaha February 628 [94] Kill Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam because Muhammad heard that his group was preparing to attack him[184][185]
30 killed by Muslims[184][185]
Tirmidhi no. 3923,[186] Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal 2:1966 [187]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [188]
51 Treaty of Hudaybiyyah March 628 [189] March to Mecca to perform the lesser pilgrimage (Umrah)[190]
None
[Quran 48:24], [Quran 48:18] [190]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[191]
52 Conquest of Fidak May 628 [192] To force the Jews of Fidak to surrender their properties and wealth (accepting his terms) or be attacked[137]
None
[Quran 59:6],[Quran 59:7][193]
Sahih Muslim, 19:2961
Sunan Abu Dawud, Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal[194]
53 Battle of Khaybar May/June 628 [195] To attack the Jews of Khaybar for booty to distribute to his followers whose expectations had recently been disappointed (according to Watt)[196]
Muslims: 16-18 killed
Jews: 93 killed[197]
[Quran 48:15], [Quran 48:20][198]
Sahih Bukhari
Sahih Muslim, 19:4450[199]
54 Third Expedition of Wadi al Qura May 628 [192] Attack the Jews of Wadi al Qura to conquer their land[200]
Muslims: 1 killed[201]
Jews: 11 killed[197]
Al-Muwatta, 21 13.25
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[201]
55 Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab December 628 [94] Attack Banu Hawazin for booty[202]
None, tribe flees[185]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[202]
56 Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq December 628 [94] Attack the Banu Kilab tribe[203]
Many killed[203]
(at least 7 families killed[204]) by Muslims
Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2632
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[205]
57 Expedition of Bashir Ibn Sa’d al-Ansari (Fadak) December 628 [206] Attack for Banu Murrah tribe to capture booty [207][208]
Muslims: 29 killed,[185] Bashir wounded[209]
Non-Muslims: large amount killed[185]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[208]
58 Expedition of Ghalib ibn Abdullah al-Laithi (Mayfah) January 629 [206] Attack the Banu ‘Awâl and Banu Thalabah tribes to capture booty (camels and flock)[210]
Some killed by Muslims[185]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:568
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[211]
Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[212]
59 Expedition of Ghalib ibn Abdullah al-Laithi (Fadak) May 629[213] Attack the Banu Murrah as revenge for the killing of Muslims in a failed raid carried out by Muslims[214]
Everyone who came into contact with Muslims were killed[214]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[215]
60 Expedition of Bashir Ibn Sa’d al-Ansari (Yemen) February 629 [206] Attack a large group of polytheists who Muhammad believed gathered to raid the outskirts of Madinah[185]
1 killed, 2 captured by Muslims[216]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[216]
61 Expedition of Ibn Abi Al-Awja Al-Sulami April 629[213] 50 men sent to demand the allegiance of the Banu Sualym tribe to Islam[217]
Muslims: Most killed[217]
Non-Muslims: Most killed,[213] 2 captured[218]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[219]
62 Expedition of Ghalib ibn Abdullah al-Laithi (Al-Kadid) May 629 [213] To raid the Banu al-Mulawwih tribe for booty[185][215]
Large amount killed,[185] and 1 captured by Muslims[215]
Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2672
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[215]
63 Raid on Banu Layth June 629 [126] Attack Banu Layth, camels plundered[214]
"We killed the warriors and took the children prisoner." No numbers given, but the Muslims were "about ten men".
Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi. Translated by Faizer, R., Ismail, A., & Tayob, A. (2011). The Life of Muhammad, pp. 369–370. London & New York: Routledge.
64 Expedition of Shuja ibn Wahb al-Asadi June 629 [213] Raid the Banu Amir tribe to plunder camels for booty[220][221]
Unknown
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[222]
65 Expedition of Ka’b ibn 'Umair al-Ghifari June 629 [213] Attack Banu Quda‘a tribe because Muhammad received intelligence that they had gathered a large number of men to attack the Muslim positions[218]
14 Muslims killed, 1 wounded[218]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[223]
66 Battle of Mu'tah August 629 [213] Raid the inhabitants of Mut'ah, because one of Muhammad's messenger was killed by the chief of Ma’ab or Mu’tah[224]
Muslims: 12 killed
Non-Muslims: Unknown[224]
[Quran 19:71] [225]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:565, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:565
67 Expedition of Amr ibn al-As September 629 [226] To subjugate the Banu Qudah tribe, and incite the tribes friendly to Muhammad to attack them, because of a rumour that the Banu Qudah were preparing to attack Medina and to improve Muslim prestige[227][228]
None, Qudah tribe flees[229]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:644
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[229]
68 Expedition of Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah October 629 [230] Attack the tribe of Juhaynah and raid a caravan[231][232][233]
None, caravan flees[233]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:44:663, Sahih Muslim, 21:4757
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[233]
69 Expedition of Abi Hadrad al-Aslami 629 [234][235] To kill Rifa’ah bin Qays, because Muhammad heard they were allegedly enticing the people of Qais to fight him[235]
1 beheaded,[236] 4 women captured by Muslims[237]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [236]
Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam[237]
70 Expedition of Abu Qatadah ibn Rab'i al-Ansari (Khadirah) November[238] or Dec 629[231] Attack the Ghatafan tribe because he heard that they were amassing troops and were still outside the "domain of Islam"[239]
Some killed, some captured by Muslims[239]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[240]
71 Expedition of Abu Qatadah ibn Rab'i al-Ansari (Batn Edam) December 629 [238] To divert the attention from his intention of attacking Mecca, he despatched 8 men to attack a caravan passing through Edam[241]
1 Muslim killed by Muslims[242][243]
[Quran 4:94][244]
Sahih Muslim, 43:7176
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[241]
72 Conquest of Mecca December 629 [238] To Conquer Mecca[245]
5 killed by Muslims:[246]
Abdullah b. Khatal[247]
Fartana (slave girl)[248]
Huwayrith b. Nafidh[246]
Miqyas b. Subabah[246]
Harith b. Talatil[246]
Quran 12:91-92, [Quran 34:49], [Quran 49:13][249]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:582, Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2678 and more
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[245]
73 Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Nakhla) December 629 [250] To destroy al-Uzza because Muhammad wanted "the submission of neighbouring tribes"[251] and wanted to eliminate "symbols reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices"[252]
1 women killed by Khalid ibn Walid[252]
Al-Sunan al-Sughra[253]
Al-Kalbi, The Book of Idols[254]
74 Raid of Amr ibn al-As December 629 [250] To destroy Suwa because Muhammad wanted "the submission of neighbouring tribes"[251] and wanted to eliminate "symbols reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices"[252]
None[252]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[255]
75 Raid of Sa'd ibn Zaid al-Ashhali December 629 [250] To destroy Manat because Muhammad wanted "the submission of neighbouring tribes"[251] and wanted to eliminate "symbols reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices"[252]
1 women killed by Muslims[252]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[256]
Al-Kalbi, The Book of Idols[257]
76 Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Banu Jadhimah) January 630 [250] Invite the Banu Jadhimah tribe to Islam[258]
Entire tribe taken prisoner, portion executed[258][259]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:628[260]
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq [261]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[262]
77 Battle of Hunayn January 630 [250] To attack the people of Hawazin and Thaqif for refusing to surrender to Muhammad and submit to Islam because "they thought that they were too mighty to admit or surrender" after the Conquest of Mecca[263]
Muslims: 5 killed[264]
Non-Muslims: 70 killed,[263] 6000 women and children captured[265]
[Quran 9:25], [Quran 9:26] [266]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:370, Al-Muwatta, 21 10.19[266]
78 Expedition of At-Tufail ibn 'Amr Ad-Dausi January 630 [250] Destroy the idol Yaguth[267] and to secure the allegiance of the Banu Daws tribe to Islam so they can lend him catapults to use in the Siege of Taif[268]
None[267]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[267]
79 Battle of Autas 630 [269] Defend against an attack by a league of tribes that formed an alliance to attack him. Washington Irving claims that the tribes were hostile to Muhammad and wanted to attack him because he was spreading Islam by the sword, and because the tribes feared Muhammad would attack them anyway for vengeance[270]
Enemy defeated, many killed by Muslims[267][271]
[Quran 4:24][272][273]
Sahih Muslim, 8:3432, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:612 and more
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[267]
80 Expedition of Abu Amir Al-Ashari January 630 [3] Chase the enemies who fled from the Battle of Hunayn[274]
Muslims: 1 Killed
Non-Muslims: 9 Killed[275]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:612, Sahih Muslim, 3:6092
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[276]
81 Expedition of Abu Musa Al-Ashari January 630 [3] Chase the enemies who fled from the Battle of Hunayn[274]
At least 1 killed,[276] men, women and children taken captives by Muslims[277]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:612
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[276]
82 Siege of Ta'if January 630 [278] Attack enemies who fled from the Battle of Hunayn and sought refuge in the fortress of Taif[265]
Muslims: 12 killed[279]
Non-Muslims: Unknown
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:615, Sahih al-Bukhari, 9:93:572 and more
Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq[280]
83 Expedition of Uyainah bin Hisn April 630 [281] Attack the Muslim tribe of Banu Tamim for refusing to pay tax (Zakat)[282]
11 men, 21 women and 30 boys, captured by Muslims[283]
[Quran 49:1][284][285]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[286]
84 Expedition of Qutbah ibn Amir May 630 [287] Attack the Banu Khatham tribe to capture booty[283][288]
Muslims: many wounded, some killed
Non-Muslims: many wounded, some killed, some women captured[283]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[288]
Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2639
85 Expedition of Dahhak al-Kilabi June 630 [289] To call the Banu Kilab tribe to embrace Islam[283]
1 killed by Muslims[283]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[290]
86 Expedition of Alqammah bin Mujazziz July 630 [291] Attack a group of Abyssinians (Ethiopians) who Muhammad suspected were pirates[283][292][293]
None, Ethiopians flee[292]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[292]
87 Third Expedition of Dhu Qarad July 630 [292] Muhammad sent him to take revenge for the killing of the son of Abu Dhar Ghifari at al-Ghaba[292][294]
None[292]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[295]
88 Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib July 630 [296] Destroy al-Qullus, an idol worshipped by pagans[297]
Many men, women and children taken captive by Muslims[297][298]
Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal[297]
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[299]
89 Expedition of Ukasha bin Al-Mihsan (Udhrah and Baliy) July 630 [300] Attack the tribes of Udhrah and Baliy, no further details[300][301]
Unknown
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[301]
90 Battle of Tabouk October 630 [300] Attack the Byzantine empire. Mubarakpuri claims, reason was revenge for the killing of 1 of Muhammad's ambassadors by a Christian chief of al-Balaqa, which led to the Battle of Mutah. Mubrakpuri claims this was the reason for the Battle of Tabouk also, and that there was a rumour Heraclius was preparing an attack on Muslims.[302] William Muir claims Heraclius wanted to prevent the recurrence of Muslim attacks such as the Expedition of Ukasha bin Al-Mihsan against the Banu Udrah tribe.[303] A tribe that was aligned to the Byzantine Empire[304]
None, no enemies met[302]
[Quran 9:49], [Quran 9:29], Quran 9:42-48,[305] [Quran 9:81] [306]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:702, Sahih al-Bukhari, 6:60:199 and more
91 Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Dumatul Jandal) October 630 [300] Attack the Christian prince of Duma.[307]
1 killed, 2 taken captive[308]
Sunan Abu Dawud 19:3031
Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2[309]
92 Expedition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb 630 [310] To demolish the idol al-Lat[311]
Unknown
[Quran 17:73]
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[312]
93 Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar 630 [313] Demolish a mosque for promoting opposition[307]
None (speculation that people may have been burnt[314])
[Quran 9:107][315]
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[316]
94 Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (2nd Dumatul Jandal) April 631 [317][318] Demolish an idol called Wadd,[318][319] worshipped by the Banu Kilab tribe[320]
Banu Abd-Wadd and Banu Amir al-Ajdar tribe members killed by Muslims[317][318]
Al-Kalbi, The Book of Idols[321]
95 Expedition of Surad ibn Abdullah April 631 [322][323] Ordered Surad ibn Abdullah (new convert) to war against the non-Muslim tribes in his neighbourhood[322]
Heavy casualties, people of Jurash killed[324]
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[324]
96 Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Najran) June 631 [300] Call on the people of Najran to embrace Islam or fight the Muslims[325]
None, Banu Harith tribe surrenders and converts to Islam[325]
[Quran 3:61][326]
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[327]
Hamidullah, Majmu'ah (Original letters of Muhammad)[328]
97 Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Mudhij) December 631 [300] Attack the Banu Nakhla tribe to reduce them to submission[329]
20 killed by Muslims.[329]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:24:573
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[330]
98 Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Hamdan) 632 [300] To call the people of Hamdan to embrace Islam[331]
None[331]
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[332]
99 Demolition of Dhul Khalasa April 632 [322] Demolish the Temple of Dhul Khalasa worshipped by the Bajila and Khatham tribes[333]
300 killed by Muslims[333][334]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:641, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:642, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:643 and more
Al-Kalbi, The Book of Idols[335]
100 Expedition of Usama bin Zayd May 632 [336] Invade Palestine and attack Moab and Darum[337]
Local population "slaughtered" by Muslims, "destroying, burning and taking as many captives as they could" according to Moshe Gil of Cambridge University[337]
Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:744, Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:745 and more
Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet[338]
Tabari, Volume 10, Conquest of Arabia[339]
Notes[edit]
Ibn Hisham edited the biography of Muhammad written by Ibn Ishaq.[340] Ibn Ishaq's work is lost and is now only known in the recensions of Ibn Hisham and al-Tabari.[341] Therefore, when Ibn Hisham is mentioned as a primary source, so is Ibn Ishaq
See also[edit]

Book: Military career of Muhammad
Rules of war in Islam
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0195773071. In the first two or three expeditions the numbers involved are given as from 20 to 80. In those of the later part of 623 (ii-vi/2), however, when Muhammad himself took part, they are said to have ranged up to 200. External link in |title= (help) (free online)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 127. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Hawarey, Dr. Mosab (2010). The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic). Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 9789957051648.Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 345.
^ Jump up to: a b Richard A. Gabriel, Muhammad, Islam's first great general, p. 73.
^ Jump up to: a b c Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 346.
^ Jump up to: a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK. august 623 Then occurred the sariyyah of Sa'd Ibn Abi Waqqa towards al-Kharar in Dhu al-Qa'dah (May–June 623 AC) Cite error: Invalid tag; name "autogeneratedy" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0887063442, In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 345.
Jump up ^ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 118.
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 13, ISBN 978-0887063442, Expeditions Led by Muhammad Then the Messenger of God led an expedition in Rabi' al-Akhir (which began October 2, 623) in search of Quraysh. He went as far as Buwat
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 128. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 285.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 245, ISBN 978-9960899558
^ Jump up to: a b Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. pp. 285–286.
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 286.
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.128-131. (online)
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 246, ISBN 978-9960899558
Jump up ^ Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 347.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 247, ISBN 978-9960899558 See footnote 1, page 247
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0887063442, Some say the Battle of Badr took place on 19 Ramadan (March 15, 624).
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 132. (online)
Jump up ^ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 3) 2nd Edition, p. 386, ISBN 1861797699, MSA Publication Limited, 2009. (online)
Jump up ^ Muḥammad Aḥmad Bāshmīl, The great battle of Badr, p. 122.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 133-138. (online)
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 137. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 210.
Jump up ^ William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 130
^ Jump up to: a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. pp. 675–676.
Jump up ^ William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 133
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 675.
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31. ASIN B0007JAWMK. "Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. xiii, ISBN 978-0887063442
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.150-151. (online)
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 361. Raid called al-Sawiq
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 33–34. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
Jump up ^ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 254.
Jump up ^ Watt (1956), Muhammad at Medina, p. 209.
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.149-150. (online)
Jump up ^ Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī (1987), Al-Tawḥīd 5, Tehran, Iran: Islamic Propagation Organization, International Relations Dept, p. 86
Jump up ^ Rodwell, JM, The Koran, Phoenix, p. 342, ISBN 978-1-8421-2609-7, This was the taunt of the jews of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.
Jump up ^ Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003). Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 248. ISBN 978-9-9608-9754-7.(online)
Jump up ^ Francis E. Peters (1993). A Reader on classical Islam. Princeton University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0691000404.
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 32. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 86, ISBN 978-0887063442
Jump up ^ William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 140
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 147. (online)
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 659.
^ Jump up to: a b Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 100, ISBN 978-0887063442
Jump up ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0195773071. External link in |title= (help) (free online)
^ Jump up to: a b c Strauch, Sameh (2006), Biography of the Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 472, ISBN 9789960980324
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 40–41. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))
Jump up ^ Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 153. (online)
Jump up ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0195773071. (online)
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 362. Raid of al Furu of Bahran
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 290 (footnote 1).
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 99, ISBN 978-0887063442
Jump up ^ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 14
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. (online)
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 204
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 482. THE KILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ
Jump up ^ William Montgomery Watt (1961), Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman, Oxford University Press, p. 135, ISBN 0198810784, The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 105, ISBN 978-0887063442, Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. (online)
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 292.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 299-300.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 296 (footnote 2).
^ Jump up to: a b Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0195773071. The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625) External link in |title= (help) (free online)
^ Jump up to: a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 181-183. (online)
Jump up ^ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 4 (Part 4): Al-I-Imran 93 to An-Nisaa 23 2nd Edition, MSA Publication Limited, p. 89, ISBN 9781861796820(online)
^ Jump up to: a b Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator) (2002), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1
^ Jump up to: a b Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
^ Jump up to: a b Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
Jump up ^ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 4 (Part 4): Al-I-Imran 93 to An-Nisaa 23 2nd Edition, p. 89, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, ISBN 186179682X
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 390.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 349.
^ Jump up to: a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 150. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 186-187. (online)
Jump up ^ Sunnah.org, says Ahmad 3:496, al-Waqidi 2:533, archive
Jump up ^ Abu Dawud 2:1244, hadithcollection.com (archive)
Jump up ^ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator) (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917 (online)
Jump up ^ Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr (2000), The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, Garnet, p. 190, ISBN 978-1859640098
^ Jump up to: a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0195773071. The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors. (online)
Jump up ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1. The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors. (online)
Jump up ^ Kailtyn Chick, Kailtyn Chick, p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing , 2013
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187-188. (online)
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 66. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003). Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 242. ISBN 978-9960897547. External link in |title= (help)(online)
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211.
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 147, ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, pp. 350-351.
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, pp. 149–150, ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 147, ISBN 978-0887063442
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN 978-0887063442, Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah
^ Jump up to: a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. (online)
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352 (footnote 1).
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 161, ISBN 978-0887063442, The Messenger of God remained in Medina after the expedition against the Banu al-Nadir for the two months of Rabi' and part of the month of Jumada (from August 1 1 to late October, 625)
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 189. (online)
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. xxxv, ISBN 978-0887063442, The main underlying reason for the expulsion of the clan of al-Nadir was the same as in the case of Quaynuqa, namely, that Jewish criticisms endangered the ordinary Muslim's belief in Muhammad's prophethood and in the Quran as revelation from God.
Jump up ^ Vesselin Popovski, Gregory M. Reichberg, Nicholas Turner (2009). World religions and norms of war. United Nations University Press. p. 296. ISBN 9789280811636.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 192. (online)
Jump up ^ Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press
^ Jump up to: a b Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 161, ISBN 978-0887063442
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 74. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
Jump up ^ Muir, William (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, p. 224
Jump up ^ Muir, William (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 220–222
^ Jump up to: a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 193. (online)
Jump up ^ Muir, William (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, p. 222 See footnote
Jump up ^ Muir, William (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 225–226
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 193-194. (online)
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 657.
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 76. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, to Dumat Al-Jandal
Jump up ^ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 216.
^ Jump up to: a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir 2. Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 82–84. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 196-198. (online)
Jump up ^ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 21 (Part 21): Al-Ankaboot 46 to Al-Azhab 30 2nd Edition, p. 122, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, ISBN 1861797338. (online)
Jump up ^ Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, p. 167-174.
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 196-198.
^ Jump up to: a b William Muir (2003), The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413
^ Jump up to: a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b c Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online)
Jump up ^ Subhash C. Inamdar (2001), Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity, Psychosocial Press, p. 166 (footnotes), ISBN 1887841288
Jump up ^ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, section on "Muhammad"
Jump up ^ Watt, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Section on "Kurayza, Banu".
Jump up ^ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504
Jump up ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2665
Jump up ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:280
Jump up ^ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online)
^ Jump up to: a b Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
Jump up ^ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504
Jump up ^ Muhammad Yasin Mahzar Siddiqi, Role of Booty in the economy during the prophets time, Vol. 1, King Abdul Aziz University , p.11. (archive), "In the sixth year of the hijrah (June, 627-May, 628A.D.) there were three ghazawa t but no booty was obtained from them. Of the 18 saraya, during this year only seven yielded any monetary or material benefits to the Muslims The very first expedition of the year i.e. Muhammad b. Maslamah's expedition..."
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 96. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
^ Jump up to: a b Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, p. 534-535.
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 96. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH OF MUHAMMAD IBN MASLAMAH AGAINST AL-QURATA
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 205. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 104. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Then occurred the sariyyah of 'Ukkashah Ibn Mihsan al-Asadl on al-Ghamr.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 205. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 119, ISBN 978-0887063442
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 105. ASIN B0007JAWMK. despatched Muhammad Ibn Maslamah with ten men towards Bana Tha'labah and Bana 'Uwal, a branch of Bana Tia'labah who were...
Jump up ^ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator) (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 123, ISBN 978-0887066917 (online)
Jump up ^ Yahiya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (2005), Riyad-us Saliheen, Islamic Books See no. 1309
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 97. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 99. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
Jump up ^ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 351, Islamic Book Trust
Jump up ^ Tabari, The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 8: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A, p. 43, SUNY Press, 1997, ISBN 0791431509
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 231. (online)
Jump up ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0195773071. Then there was the raid on Muhammad's private herd of camels by 'Uyaynah b. Hisn al-Fazari, who was doubtless annoyed because Muhammad had broken off negotiations with him over the withdrawal of Ghatafan. The raid was a small affair. Only 40 enemy horsemen were involved, and the booty was only 20 milking camels; 8 Muslims pursued on horseback, recovered half the camels, and killed 4 of the raiders for the loss of i of their own number. External link in |title= (help) (free online)
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 100. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
Jump up ^ Uri Rubin (1998), The Life of Muḥammad, Ashgate, p. 223, ISBN 9780860787037, Haritha on the raid to al-Jamum and Zayd obtained goats and sheep and captured a group of unbelievers...
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 106. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
Jump up ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0195773071. One was a little-known expedition about September 627 External link in |title= (help) (free online)
^ Jump up to: a b c Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 107. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 206. (online)
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 107. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Sariyyah of Zayd ibn Haritha towards al-Taraf
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 226. (online)
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 108. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Sariyyah of Zayd ibn Haritha against Hisma
Jump up ^ William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp. 12-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 109. ASIN B0007JAWMK. Sariyyah of Zayd ibn Haritha towards Wadi al-Qura
Jump up ^ Sir William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira: with introductory chapters on the original sources for the biography of Mahomet and on the pre-Islamite history of Arabia, Volume 3, Smith, Elder & Co, p. 237 (abridged version)
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 207-209. (online)
Jump up ^ William Muir (2003), The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 310, ISBN 9780766177413 (original)
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 490.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 672.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 672.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 110. ASIN B0007JAWMK. SARIYYAH OF 'ALI IBN ABl TALIB AGAINST BANU SA'D IBN BAKR AT FADAK
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)
^ Jump up to: a b c Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 95–97, ISBN 9780791431504
^ Jump up to: a b c William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp. 18-19.
Jump up ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:234
Jump up ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who cause mischief in the Land", and Tafsir ibn Kathir, 5:39, Text version
^ Jump up to: a b William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 17
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 241. (online)
Jump up ^ Tirmidhi (Partial translation), see no. 3923, p. 182.
Jump up ^ Nasiruddin Khattab, English Translation of Musnad Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal, Darussalam, 2012, ISBN 6035001076 (online txt) (onlinde pdf)
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. p. 665. Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr b. Rizam
Jump up ^ Emory C. Bogle (1998), Islam: origin and belief, University of Texas Press, p. 19.
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 214-215.
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 211. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
^ Jump up to: a b Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 180. ISBN 978-9960897714.(online)
Jump up ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged), Pg 554, By Ibn Kathir, Translation by Saifur Rahman al Mubarakpuri, also see Tafsir ibn Kathir 59:7, Text Version
Jump up ^ Ibn Kathir, Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri (translator), Tafsir ibn Kathir (abridged), p. 555 (footnote 1 & 2).
Jump up ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0195773071. Muhammad had thus a straightforward reason for attacking Khaybar. The moment he chose for the attack May /June 628 (i/y) shortly after his return from the expedition of al-Hudaybiyah was one when it was also convenient for him to have booty to distribute to his followers whose expectations had recently been disappointed. External link in |title= (help) (free online)
Jump up ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0195773071. Muhammad had thus a straightforward reason for attacking Khaybar. The moment he chose for the attack May /June 628 (i/y) shortly after his return from the expedition of al-Hudaybiyah was one when it was also convenient for him to have booty to distribute to his followers whose expectations had recently been disappointed. External link in |title= (help) (free online)
^ Jump up to: a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 238. (online)
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 432.
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 433-434.
Jump up ^ William Muir, The Life of Mahomet (2003), p. 394.
^ Jump up to: a b Tabari, Al (25 Sep 1990), The last years of the Prophet (translated by Isma’il Qurban Husayn), State University of New York Press, enumerating with them the expedition of Wadi al-Qura. He stated that he fought there with his slave Mid'am
^ Jump up to: a b Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 146. ASIN B0007JAWMK. The Sariyyah of 'Umar Ibn al-Khattab, may Allah show him mercy, on Turabah
^ Jump up to: a b William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 83 (footnote 2).
Jump up ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2632
Jump up ^ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 146. A